Dealing with Stress and Ambiguity in Organizations

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY Dealing with Stress and Ambiguity in Organizations Group Assignment STUDENTS NAME: 1. DANIEL NDERI- HD313-C006-3244/2012 2. PATRICK LIVONDOLO HD313-C006- 3243/2012 3. TIMOTHY NYAUCHO HD313-C006-3333/2012 COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Dr. NYONGESA PAUL UNIT: HR3102- ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOUR MSC ENTREPRENEURSHIP –JKUAT (KISII CAMPUS) TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Table of contents ii 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Symptoms of Stress 2 3.0 Causes of Stress 3 4.0 Managing Stress 5 5.0 Role Ambiguity 8 6.0 Conclusion 10 References†¦show more content†¦* Cribbing, over-reacting, arguing, getting irritated, anxiety, etc. * Deteriorating health, more of accidents, etc. * Improper eating habits (over-eating or under-eating), excessive smoking and drinking, sleeplessness, etc. 3.0 Causes of Stress Stressors can be divided into those that arise from within an individual (internal), and those that are attributable to the environment (external). Internal conflicts, non-specific fears, fears of inadequacy, and guilt feelings are examples of stressors that do not depend on the environment. Internal sources of stress can arise from an individual s perceptions of an environmental threat, even if no such danger actually exists. Environmental stressors are external conditions beyond an individual s control. Bhagat (1983) has reported that work performance can be seriously impaired by external stressors. There are many aspects of organizational life that can become external stressors. These include issues of structure, management s use of authority, monotony, a lack of opportunity for advancement, excessive responsibilities, ambiguous demands, value conflicts, and unrealistic workloads. A person s non-working life (e.g., family, friends, health, and financial situations) can also contai n stressors that negatively impact job performance. This can be summarized as follows. i. 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Information Management The Medical Record as a Legal...

In order for hospitals and other health care facilities to prevent the thousands of deaths and injuries that occur every year due to medical errors; health care systems were required to implement new record keeping technology. This technology has made patient information and treatment accessible to all who needed to see it. This is especially important when a patient has more than one attending physician and their care relies on each doctor knowing what the other one has done, serving as the prime communication tool between doctors. If organizations do not centralize their technology and essentially their patient databases, the potential for duplicate work or inefficient patient care can exponentially increase. These high tech medical†¦show more content†¦These records make up part of the hospital’s information system. 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Indigenous Education and Perspectives Aboriginal Culture

Question: Discuss about the Indigenous Education and Perspectives Aboriginal Culture. Answer: Primary School Age Children Introduction Ask one pupil to read from Australian Aboriginal Culture Resource Book the second chapter that discusses Australians indigenous cultural heritage and variances. Explain the section to the children based on your knowledge of numerous indigenous cultures and tribes throughout Australia and clearly illustrate to the pupils with a map that show sacred sites and varied cultures of people. Strategies Ensure total participation by every student. After reading the second chapter that discusses indigenous cultural heritage in Australia, ask the children open-ended questions to find out whether they have conceptualized what Australians native cultural heritage entails. Carry a collaborative social-cultural approach using the groups of four as laid down in the resources. Under this method, children will freely discuss the aspects of indigenous cultural heritage and differences in Australia. For example, different rights of passage, cultural beliefs, and norms. Encourage pupils to explore available options through program solving, questions and ethical dilemmas that explore tribal rights beliefs, norms attitudes, and manner of life. This will help students learn why particular gender is discriminated against the other, and rights to own Name of Experience Australians Indigenous Cultural Heritage Age group Kindergarten children aged between 3 to 5 years Description Group the class of children into groups of four children and design sufficient number of a board game that the children can use. Provide dice around each board such that children can pick up the cards of indigenous symbols. This dice game over the board also allows room for children to think about indigenous history, culture, and perspectives of different families. figure above shows indigenous Australians cultural heritage) Give a map to the primary age students that show sacred and significant objects in Australia. Present Australian map that demonstrates the location of various communities whose culture vary. Provide a pictorial representation of how indigenous communities in Australia keep their cultural heritage alive by passing arts, rituals, and knowledge from generation to other. Rationale Primary age students are anxious about learning the aspects of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures that are diverse and complex. Students learn that indigenous cultural heritage in Australia gives an old history in the world. Students learn that aboriginal cultures of people have been able to survive for long and keep to changes over time due to people's desire to own cultural identity. Through the indigenous cultural heritage, children learn that aboriginal communities in Australia keep their cultural heritage viable through educating their children the arts, rituals, knowledge, and performances of the tribe. This is done from one generation to the next, and once students learn this, this will also share the art of cultural heritage with the rest of younger generation. The pupils can reflect back their learning about indigenous culture and where their cultural heritage originates since there is a pictorial representation showing sacred objects and sites of their originality. Resources Laminator, scissors, pencils, and glue Arrange four chairs around a table Australian Aboriginal Culture Resource Book Make small plastic Australian tribe peoples doing their ritual rites so that children can clearly identify variances in culture heritage. Pictorial books where the children can draw setups. Make graphic representations showing the sacred places where a given community went for worship. Provide cardboards with sufficient markers to mark the board. Make cards with images of indigenous Australian cultural symbols, beliefs, and attitudes. Prior to School Age Children Introduction Introduce dreaming stories of Australia by narrating different stories that form the history of various clans and tribes in the continent. Also, describe dreaming stories that portray the real picture of Australia with different tribes. Form groups of between 4 to 5 where the kids will form a group learning circle to exchange ideas on indigenous cultures and stories of origin. Ask those young children who understand their creation and origin stories to narrate to the other members of the group to form a basis for discussion Strategies Ask all children to participate through sharing ideas, discussing their inspirational stories, and appreciating those who already know something about their origin. Employ the strategy of asking open-ended questions about dreaming stories and indigenous cultures of people in Australia For example, who is superior to human beings and animals? Who created the world?. Carry out a holistic process of social-cultural approach where pre primary age students will discuss and gain knowledge about native animals, spirits, trees, and people(Logan, 2012). Through this method, children will know the relationship between dreaming and reality. Name of Experience Dreaming creation histories of Australia Age group Year 1 and 2 Children Description In the groups of four, an educator introduces narration of dreaming histories of various clans, tribes, and cultures of Australia. And how year 1 children utilize the creation stories to explain nature of land, people, plants, and spirits. Purchase a simplified atlas that show geographical features and the whole Australian continent map. Point out that all stories related to the creation of people, plants, and animals originate from numerous indigenous clans, with their beliefs, norms, languages, and customs(Battiste, 2011). Ensure that whenever you introduce narrating a new story to the primary students, you can pin its origin on the atlas and map. Group the baby care children into groups of 4-5 kids and discuss arts and decorate them in respect to their story of origin. Rationale This experience is significant to both the teacher and the students. All year one age pupils learn about indigenous dreaming stories and sophisticated beliefs, customs, and attitudes about creation. Little children understand that Australia is composed of numerous tribes and clans whose Dreaming stories vary even before joining primary education. Through the narration of dreaming histories by the young kids in the circles, they learn that people were different from animals, and this is exemplary manifest even in the current world. Human beings are ever celebrated and of high intelligence than animals. Prior to school age children need to study the different and distinguished ways of knowledge in a civilized manner. The aspect of educating children about cultural diversity results to formation of unique identities and shared experiences. The prior to school age children can remember all lessons about indigenous culture and through the narration of dreaming stories since this creates an imagination and visual outcome. Resources Atlas and map of Australia Drawing tools such as pencils, cardboard, glue, felt, and razor blade Moon board representing indigenous Australian cultures Arrange 4 to 5 chairs in a circle to form a group Chalks for class representation Use Microsoft Word to write a book that suits primary age students in year 1 Scruptures of animals, people, and indegenous plants Critical Reflections I have always believed that cultural heritage reflects the old ways of living built up by our ancestors, and has been being passed from one generation to another given to them because of their conception and birth. People of different tribes embrace cultural heritage across all their diversity in beliefs, ways of life, behaviors, and their rituals; which has also formed part of the reason why I feel indigenous people were different (Smith Wobst, 2004). These values were formed from my working with people of diverse cultural identity, my upbringing, and the little knowledge I gained after studying the Australian Aboriginal Culture Resource Book (Kitson Bowes, 2012). My feelings and interpretations after learning from these past experiences and education drove me to the belief that I should accept all people and embrace the diversity of all manner even when it is insignificant (Kitson Bowes, 2012). I think this was because of my ignorance. For one, how would I become a teacher of ki ndergarten children and teach them indigenous cultures, inclusive, and cultural identity variances while I did not understand the basics due to my ignorance?. From my experience, some communities look down upon or have prejudice on cultural heritages of the other tribes. As a teacher, I would educate the children that every tribe and community in Australia are equally important and their cultural heritage should be respected. I would further make students understand that it is important to protect their cultural materials, sacred and significant sites, and objects (Battiste, 2011). I am looking forward to visiting cultural heritage conferences on the indigenous history of Australia. I think this would form a solid starting point for me to learn about local indigenous cultural heritage records, as well as plans of enabling successful learning about local community cultural changes (Venn Quiggin, 2007). Indigenous education and perspectives on Australian cultural heritage of different communities are beneficial to the children (Smith Akagawa, 2008). From the knowledge gained in this unit, I have shaped an awareness that all children in Australia should have total access to their cultural identity and heritage (Battiste, 2011). I believe that children need to learn these aspects from the period they can understand and interpret events so that they may not lose their cultural identity in future (Logan, 2012). I have learned that for indigenous Australians, the land is the essence of all spirituality and this relationship and the spirit of Australia is core to the events that are significant to aboriginal children today. However, in the current world children have forgotten their cultural heritage and do not even understand the geographical boundaries that separate their communities (Rolfe Windle, 2003). Also, I have come to realize there are numerous importances of indigenous perspectives in the classroom for aboriginal children. To teach domestic students, I believe that one must understand their personal views first, with ultimate expectations (Greer, 2010). I believe that educators should know the proximate cultural identity, beliefs, history, and attitudes of the child in good detail. It is evident from my experience that educators require understanding the indigenous children and their families, with influence to land ownership, community development, cultural beliefs, and cultural identity (Logan, 2012). I believe that the manner in which children learn is determined by their cultural heritage upbringing as well as education systems that they undergo. Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders identified themselves through their relationship to others, their language, and land areas (Langton, Palmer, Rhea, 2014). Presently, children should define themselves through their words and stories which can be expressed through arts, religion, sports, family, and ritual ceremonies (Battiste, 2011). As a teacher of kindergarten children, I plan to use pupils from different communities, tribes, and origins to share their story of life as informed by their parents to the others to enhance recognition of cultural heritage. I think that setting high standards and expectations to empower pupils to celebrate their cultural heritages and identity will be a unique teaching approach. In Australian continent, we have over 600 clan groups who have distinct beliefs and cultures (McConaghy, 2000). For instance, I could do this by incorporating indigenous students connection to the land, sacred grounds, and ritual rites into a lesson. According to my observation, I have a feeling that there was still an extra need for further authentic indigenous education programs to be organized across all kindergarten schools (Miller, 2011). I believe that children require intensive learning to function in diverse communities. This has been a long journey of learning in this unit, EDU10005: Indigenous Education and Perspectives where I have gained detailed knowledge about authentic indigenous lesson plans. From this experience, I have learned that it is vital to respect the relationship between indigenous people with cultural heritage perspectives of land, sacred beliefs, and gender rights (Arthur, L 2013). Educators utilizing Australian culture; stories must know that these just believe and that are based on deceased ancestors. I think that taking the initiative to introduce all pupils to indigenous cultural heritage lessons and learning experiences require the teachers to show dedication and understanding of all cultural heritages in Australia. Children must be made to know that our ancestors owned different cultural identities when it came to land, a way of life, and property ownership (Baker, 2011). Finally, I value integrating all indigenous cultural heritage styles of learning, such as symbolic, visual, experimental learning, and hands-on learning. I incorporated all these approaches a step which resulted to multiple intelligence in the mental capability of the children (AITSL. 2014). References AITSL. (2014). Professional Standards for Teachers. Teacher Standards. Know the content and how to teach it. Standard 2.4. Arthur, L (2013). Documenting and Assessing Children's Learning. (p.288). Programming and Planning in Early Childhood Settings. 5th Ed. Australia: Cengage Learning. Baker, C. (2011).Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism(Vol. 79). Multilingual matters. Retrieved from; https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=HAwxBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=P R6dq=educating+children+on+Indigenous+Cultural+Heritage+2011ots=TaBbZM YkeIsig=lw3yKhnEpKyXXqB6cxzJGprZ3M0redir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Battiste, M. (2011).Reclaiming indigenous voice and vision. UBC Press. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=onnyhAHq7rMCoi=fndpg=PR5 dq=educating+children+on+Indigenous+Cultural+Heritage+2011ots=1dj4tHhKzJ sig=wj0pg4FWAO-cHtXYzaxbyeTuNQ4redir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Greer, S. (2010). Heritage and empowerment: community?based Indigenous cultural heritage in northern Australia.International Journal of Heritage Studies,16(1-2), 45-58. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13527250903441754 Kitson, R., Bowes, J. (2012). Incorporating Indigenous ways of knowing in early education for Indigenous children. Australasian Journal Of Early Childhood, 35(4), 81-89. Australia: Macquarie University. Langton, M., Palmer, L., Rhea, Z. M. (2014). Community-oriented protected areas for indigenous peoples and local communities.Indigenous peoples, national parks, and protected areas: A new paradigm linking conservation, culture, and rights,84. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=VGYIBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=P A84dq=Australians+Indigenous+Cultural+Heritage+2014ots=p5HjvLlxA_sig=9 NCn25mG0Mp2ZeLu9fQiE-y7aMkredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Logan, W. (2012). Cultural diversity, cultural heritage, and human rights: towards heritage management as a human rights-based cultural practice.International journal of heritage studies,18(3), 231-244. Retrieved from; https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1359183512454065 McConaghy, C. (2000).Rethinking Indigenous education: Culturalism, colonialism and the politics of knowing. Flaxton, Queensland: Post Pressed. Miller, M. (2011). Embedding Indigenous perspectives in the Early Childhood Curriculum Educating Young Children - Learning and teaching in early childhood years.Early Childhood Teachers Association 17(2), 37-39. Rolfe, J., Windle, J. (2003). Valuing the Protection of aboriginal cultural heritage sites. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=416138 Smith, C., Wobst, H. M. (Eds.). (2004).Indigenous archaeology: decolonizing theory and practice. Routledge. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=MylyVq_dMoICoi=fndpg=PP1 dq=Australian+Aboriginal+Culture+Resource+Bookots=rDRymSeg3Xsig=Iaxg Wxgp5sAsRv4J2qbO0S0rgnwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Australian%20Aborigina l%20Culture%20Resource%20Bookf=false Smith, L., Akagawa, N. (Eds.). (2008).Intangible heritage. Routledge. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=5T99AgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR5 dq=Australians+Indigenous+Cultural+Heritageots=7ScOgv5- O9sig=rZtWnBJe6P4zAjGfHEJ7sbuk0Wwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Australian s%20Indigenous%20Cultural%20Heritagef=false Venn, T. J., Quiggin, J. (2007). Accommodating Indigenous cultural heritage values in resource assessment: Cape York Peninsula and the MurrayDarling Basin, Australia.Ecological Economics,61(2), 334-344. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800906001339

Ronald Reagan Essays - Conservatism In The United States

Ronald Reagan Truly, when Ronald Reagan took office in 1981, the world was changing; his presidency would be one that would set the tone for the coming decades. Reagan had high expectations for his term in office; his first, second, and third priorities were his economic plans. His presidency was a remarkable one, but scholars were and continue to be critical of his hands-off, macro-management of the government. President Reagan surrounded himself with some of the brightest minds in the country: James Baker III, George Shultz .. Often, these are the people who initiated these policy changes, while Reagan is the one who sold them to the country. But for all that he didnt participate in, Reagan had an extreme passion for foreign politics, despite being warned against it and the beginning of his term to focus on the economy and its continued downward slide. His passion showed in his dealings with the Soviet Union, especially after the rise. He was instrumental in the reduction of arms of the worlds s uperpowers and key in the resurgence, in the United States, of military spending. But, when it came to foreign policy, Reagan had very different views than his predecessors. Reagan did not believe in detente, he did not believe in appeasement, and he did not believe in the isolationist movement that had populated American thought for the better part of the 20th century. He believed that the United States had to defeat the Soviet Union on the grounds that communism was immoral and resulted in a freedomless society. The thawing of Soviet-American relations in the later Reagan years was due to a change in Soviet policy and Soviet leadership and not a drastic change in American policy under Reagan. Reagans views on the Soviet Union were in place long before he became president. He viewed the country as a true threat to the superiority of the United States in global politics and even as a threat to the autonomy of the country as a whole. There was a sense that the Soviet Union was on the move [from 1975 through 1979] and that the U.S. was at great risk if the momentum continued. Reagan felt that and communicated it. His speeches always conveyed this feeling; even before he was president. In 1962, as governor of California, Reagan described the Soviet Union as a single worldwide force dedicated to the destruction of free enterprise and the creation of a socialist state. Additionally, in a pre-election address to a club in London, he remarked, Status quo; thats Latin for the mess were in, referring to the current foreign relations strategy supported by the United States. Journalists called the speech a strong attack on Western weakness. The feeling was apparently mutual. The Soviets, before Mikhail Gorbachev, often refused to meet with the Reagan. In fact, the Kremlin viewed Reagan as a dangerously confrontational figure, whose deeply disturbing animus against all things Russian had created a solid front of hostility among Politburo leaders. Reagans firm stance against communism and those related to it is likely what caused this deep rift in Soviet/U.S. relations at the beginning of the Reagan administration. The Soviet ambassador called it the lowest point since World War II when he spoke to the President early in 1983. Reagan main defense of his opinion is that communism oppresses freedom; in his first inauguration speech, he laid the groundwork for his campaign against communism on that basis. Additionally, Reagan disagreed almost totally with the idea of detente, or at least he disagreed with the detente as it was . While he thought the idea of detente was possible, he believed that it was largely unsuccessful when dealing with the Soviets. Previous administrations had used economic aid and trade agreements with Russia to attempt to obtain concessions on limited arms. Under Reagan, virtually all aid was discontinued to Russia in the attempt of making it more difficult for the Soviet Union to continue increase its armament level. Reagan justified this change in strategy by pointing out the failure of the SALT II treaty proposed by his predecessor, Jimmy Carter. While the motives of the SALT II treaty were well-founded, Congress failed to ratify it. In addition to cutting off aid

Oceanography Exam 2 Essays

Oceanography Exam 2 Essays Oceanography Exam 2 Paper Oceanography Exam 2 Paper What best explains why the atmosphere transports heat toward the poles? the latitudinal imbalance of incoming solar radiation The Coriolis parameter is at largest _______ and zero at the _____. poles and equator The prevailing winds on each side of the equator are: Easterly winds Geostrophy is the balance between what 2 forces? Pressure gradient and Coriolis What hemisphere does ONLY cyclonic flow rotate counter-clockwise? Northern Hemisphere Neutrally buoyant (sub-surface) ocean current floats are best tracked using: sonar In the Northern Hemisphere, the NET motion of water in an Ekman spiral is ______ the wind direction. 90 degrees to the right of. What factor best explains why the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is so unique? its east-west path is uninterrupted by continents Waters diverge to form subpolar gyres because of which two prevailing wind systems? Westerlies and Polar Easterlies. Subtropical gyres in the Southern Hemisphere flow: counter-clockwise What is the underlying cause of the westward intensification of subtropical gyres? Weak Coriolis parameter near the equator Subtropical gyre western boundary currents are: warm In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes fluids to be deflected to the ____ of their natural path, and geostrophic balance would cause ocean currents to flow ____around seas surface lows. right counter-clockwise. What scenario would most likely produce coastal upwelling? southerly winds along the South American west coast Coastal upwelling water tend to be: cold and nutrient rich Why is there a cold tongue in the easter tropical pacific? upwelling due to Ekman divergence What condition does not characterize El Nino? high rainfall in Indonesia El Nino events occur approximately every ___ years. 2-7 years In the Walker Circulation, what force balances the pressure gradient force? nothing Which factors form a positive feedback loop in the equatorial Pacific? warm pool atmospheric low strong winds Once Surface waters become dense enough to form deep waters, what is the most likely reason that their temperature would change significantly in the deep sea? by mixing with other water masses How does sea surface salinity near the equator compare to that of the subtropical gyres? lower near equator due to higher precipitation The most common reason for the existence of the pynocline is that _____ decreases with increasing depth. temperature The mixed layer will typically extends to a depth of about: 100-200m What sources of energy directly drive the upwelling that leads to the thermohaline circulation? winds and tides Which is NOT a mechanism leading to denser surface water and therefore deep water formation? increased runoff from melting ice sheets Wave orbits are negligible at depths below: 1/2 wavelength The only wave type restored by cohesion is: capillary A wave that propagates away from a disturbance without without continued application of force is called: free Which wave type is almost always considered a shallow water wave? tsunami Which is NOT a characteristic of shallow water waves? cannot break Which factor does NOT contribute to large wave growth? high temperature Deep water wave celerity depends on the variable _____, while shallow water wave celerity depends on the variable ____. wavelength, water depth A wind wave is approaching shore first contacts the seafloor at a water depth of: Waves usually break when their height exceeds: 1/7 wavelength Why do waves bend (refract) as they approach shore? speed is decreased in shallow water A tsunami is usually imperceptible to a ship at sea because it has a: very long wavelength The Sumatra tsunami of December 2004 was caused by a: subduction zone earth quake Why does an unusual sea level drop often precede the arrival a tsunami? the trough of the tsunami wave sometimes arrives before the crest What technology does the pacific tsunami warning network rely on? pressure sensors on the seafloor THe equilibrium theory of the tides would apply for a hypothetical Earth: completely covered by a very deep ocean. The gravitational attraction between two celestial objects increases with their ____, and decreases with the square of their____. masses.. distances In Earth-moon system, where are gravitational attraction and intertia in balance? center of earth On earth, solar tides are about ____ the strength of lunar tides. half Neap (weak) tids occur: during quarter moons The side of Earth facing the moon will have a high tide while th opposite side of the Earth will have: a high tide

Data Warehouse

Data Warehouse Abstract Data warehousing, as a means of organizing enterprise information in order for businesses to manage knowledge and benefit from the knowledge acquired from possible analysis, is a common business venture in most firms today. Gone are the days when one large and expensive supercomputer would be used to manage an entire organization’s data.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Data Warehouse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, various Central Processing Units (CPUs) are available and at the disposal of the IT team. The beauty of this scenario is that the CPUs can be used simultaneously to perform completely different, but related tasks that are part of the major task and thus completing the major task in record time. One of the many advantages of data warehousing is the fact that these systems become a central data source after consolidation, which is accessible to end users and information deriv ation becomes simpler if not straightforward. Consequently, this element increases the efficiency of business transactions, which eventually draws the line between the firms with business acumen and those without. However, one inherent disadvantage follows data warehousing and it involves data mining. Ideally, data mining is the final stage of data warehousing because at this point, it is possible to gather all possible types of relational information from the system and determine links and relationships that were not decipherable before. As a result, the accuracy of queries increases and business output increases. However, this case does not apply in practice due to a few hitches that attach to this process of data mining. First, after completing the process of data mining, only a few users in the entire enterprise can actually get to use the procedure due to the high level of specialization required in its application. In fact, the number presently oscillates at a maximum of five. Given this scenario, unsurprisingly most organizations do not see the point of paying very expensively for a process that would only be used by five people in the firm. Therefore, they pay peanuts. On the other hand, data-warehouse builders know that they require a lot of upfront capital and heavy investment in time resources upfront before coming up with a data-mining algorithm, which is infamous for its complexity. This aspect coupled with the fact that it is virtually impossible to predict the resourcefulness of a data mining infrastructure from the onset and thus decapitating the technician from having a sales pitch, makes a very bad case for data mining, and yet its importance cannot be overemphasized.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper looks into several such poignant features of data warehousing and close with a few recommendations as well as forecasts into the future of data warehousing. Introduction Data warehousing is a rather new term for an old concept. In fact, it emerged in the 1990s where it was initially referred to as Decision Support System or Executive Information system. The father of data warehousing is one William Inmon and a co-innovator usually lined up beside him in reviews is Ralph Kimball. Several definitions exist to befit what has come to be accepted as data warehousing in the 21st century and these include â€Å"A Data warehouse is as organized system of enterprise data derived from multiple data sources designed primarily for decision making in the organization† (Bertman, 2005, p. 12). This definition brings out the idea of a myriad of sources of data, which is especially relevant because today, most organizations have a multiple of data sources. Moreover, it is essential in the customization of data warehousing to ensure that the data-warehousing infrastructure being set up including ETL tools (Extracti on, Transformation, Transportation and Loading solutions) are compatible with all the data sources. Additionally, the definition touches on the issue of decision making as a primary focus when establishing a data-warehousing project. A second definition is slightly brief, viz. â€Å"†¦a data warehouse is a structured repository of historic data† (Kimball, Ross, Thornthwaite, Mundy, Becker, 2008, p. 32) The author of this definition adds that it is â€Å"†¦developed in an evolutionary process by integrating data from non-integrated legacy systems† (Kimball, Ross, Thornthwaite, Mundy, Becker, 2008, p. 32).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Data Warehouse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This definition is attractive for its introduction of the term â€Å"integrated†, because the main idea behind data warehousing is that the information that was previously archived in a jumble is reorganized to make sense in the form of tables and even graphs depending on the presentation format preferred by the end user. At this point, it is appropriate to introduce Inmon’s definition. As the father of data ware housing, his definition has attached a legendary thrill to data warehouse builders and other experts in the field and thus it has even been used in a devolved capacity to divide data warehousing into branches. He states, â€Å"A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time variant, and anon volatile collection of data used in strategic decision making† (Inmon, 2003, p. 34). It is important to note the usage of several definitive words that have since achieved the status of â€Å"mandatory† features of a data warehouse including subject oriented, non-volatile, time variant, and integrated. Another definition reads, â€Å"A data warehouse is an electronic storage of an organization’s historical data for the purpose of analysis a nd interpreting† (Prine, 1998, p. 54). The interesting concept introduced by this final definition is the term â€Å"historical data†, which is a very important feature of data warehouses as shall be seen in the ensuing discourse. Additionally, the tasks of analysis and interpretation mentioned by this definition are very crucial features in the business of data ware housing. The next section provides a run through the definitions of other important terms outlined within this paper. Definitions OLAP: Online Analytical Processing refers to the procedure through which multidimensional analysis occurs.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More OLTP: this term refers to a transaction system that collects business data and it is optimized for INSERT and UPDATE operations. It is highly normalized because the emphasis is on updating the system since transactions take precedence here and so the currency of the information is crucial for the relevance of the data. Data Mart: this term underscores a data structure designed for access. It is designed with the aim of enhancing end user access to information files stored in subject-order. For instance, in an organization there are numerous departments including IT, HR, Management, Finance, and Research among others. However, an organization may set up data marts on top of the hardware platform for each department, so that after data warehousing, there exists the traditional centralized data storage envisioned by the creators, but in addition to this, a next section in the architecture provides for data marts (Hackney, 2007, p. 45). These elements would in effect separate the info rmation into the relevant sub-sections based on the subject matter. ER Model: this model refers to an entry relationship model. In other words, a data modeling methodology whose aim is to normalize data by reducing redundancy. Dimensional Model: this model qualifies the data. The main goal is to improve data retrieval mechanism. It is ideal for data ware housing that is operated based on queries. A typical example would be keying in 1kg as a search term and how convoluted the results that one is likely to get would be. On the contrary, if one keys in: â€Å"1kg of soya (product) bought by Becker (customer) on 23rd November 2012 (date),† in effect, one has just introduced three dimensions- product, customer, and date. These are mutually independent and non-overlapping classifications of data (Imhoff, Galemmo, Geige, 2003, p.101). A fact underlines something that can be measured or quantified conventionally, but not always, in numerical values that can be aggregated. Star sc hema: this term refers to a technique used in data warehousing models in which one centralized fact table is used as the reference for all the dimension tables so that the keys (primary keys) from the entirety of dimension tables can flow directly into the fact table (as foreign keys of course) in which the measures are stored. The entity relationship represented diagrammatically resembles a star, hence the name. Different Types of Data Warehousing Architectures There are three main types of data warehousing architectures and these include: Data Warehouse Architecture (basic) Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area) Data Warehouse Architecture (with a staging area and a data mart) Data ware house architecture basic This structure comprises metadata, raw data, and summary data. Meta data and raw data are a classical feature of all operational systems, but the summary data makes the architecture to be a unique data warehouse material. Summaries pre-compile long operations in advance, for instance, they can grant an answer to a query on August sales (Imhoff White, 2011, p. 25). In oracle, a summary is also known as a materialized view and in term of granul-ity, it may be atomic, which is transaction oriented, lightly summarized, or highly summarized. Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area) This architectural type is relevant when there is a need to clean and process operational data before it is stored in the warehouse. This task can be done either programmatically, that is, with a program or using a staging area. A staging area simply refers to that â€Å"region of the architecture that simplifies building summaries and general warehouse management† (Jarke, Lenzerini, Vassiliou, Vassiliadis, 2003, p. 67). Data Warehouse Architecture (with a staging area and a data mart) This architecture type is ideal for the customization of a data warehouse for different groups within an organization. It adds â€Å"data marts to the staging area , where data marts are systems that are designed for a particular line of business† (Hackney, 2007, p.18). A good example is a case where a firm needs to separate inventories from sales and or purchases. At this point, it is important to introduce the concept of Business Intelligence for a better understanding of the working of database warehouses. Business intelligence covers information that is available for strategic decision making by businesses. In this setting, the data warehouse is simply the backbone or the infrastructural component (Prine, 1998, p. 39). Business intelligence includes the insight that is obtained upon the execution of a data mining analysis and other unstructured data, and this aspect explains the significance of content management systems because in an unstructured context, they organize the information logically for better analysis. When choosing a business intelligence tool, one needs to address the following considerations that advice the choice, v iz. increasing the costs, increasing the function ability, increasing the complexity of business intelligence, and decreasing the number of end users (Eliott, 2012). Interestingly, the most popular business intelligence tool is Microsoft Excel. This assertion holds due to several reasons including the fact that Ms Excel is cheap to acquire, and it is conveniently simple to use. In addition, the user does not have to worry whether the other user can decipher the information or figure out how the reports are to be interpreted (because the presentation is simple to interpret), and finally, Excel has all the functionalities that are necessary for the display of data (Barwick, 2012). Other tools include a reporting tool, which can be either custom built or commercial and it is used for the running, creation, and scheduling of operations or reports (Kimball, Ross, Thornthwaite, Mundy, Becker, 2008, p. 67). Another tool is the OLAP tool, which is a favorite amongst advanced users because it features a multidimensional perspective of findings, and finally there is the Data mining tool that is for specialized users, hence the limitation to less than five users in an entire enterprise. Overall structure The primary features of a data warehouse are better relayed in a graphical format, but this section hopes to provide a comprehensive textual explanation of the same. At the beginning end, there exists data sources, which are archived in different formats, but they are largely unorganized and very general. The idea is to get them to the other end where in an idyllic scenario they are available to end users in data marts and the users are capable of deriving this information in the form of CDs, DVDs or flash drives. In a bid to get to that end, the data has to pass through data acquisition, which refers to retrieval of information from the data sources; that is, â€Å"a set of processes and programs that extract data for the data warehouse and operational data store from the operational systems† (Imhoff, Galemmo, Geige, 2003, p. 17). At this stage, features touching on cleansing, integrating, and transformation of data stand out. Next, the data, through data delivery, is moved to the open marts and ready for harvesting. Advantages of data warehousing This process makes the data more accessible in terms of accuracy so that end users do not fumble through scores of unsorted data in order to get a response to the queries that they are seeking to answer. Consequently, it makes the process of accessing that information cheaper and more efficient. It reduces the costs of acquiring this data because the accessibility means that users do not need to spend additional resources on fruitless tasks; in addition, these resources can be expended elsewhere. Another advantage is that it increases the competitive advantage of the enterprise that integrates it into its infrastructure. The data in a data warehouse can be used in multiple scenarios including in the production of reports for log term analyses, in producing reports meant to aggregate enterprise data, and finally for producing reports that are multidimensional; for instance, a query can be lodged on the profits accrued by month, product, and branch. The information stored in a warehouse provides a basis for strategic decision-making, it is available for access, and it is consistent. Additionally, it assists in introducing an organization to the continuous changes in information within the enterprise. Finally, it helps protect the data from abusers. Disadvantages of data warehousing Data warehousing is a very costly investment, which is bound to dig into the capital pool of the enterprise that is using it. Additionally, it takes a lot of time to get the project underway and finally see it to completion and this aspect could be anywhere between two to six months. The time becomes relevant because the data-warehousing infrastructure being installed may just end up obsolete by t he time it is getting into production. The very volatile nature of business is vulnerable to this new risk because in contemporary times, even the formerly static fields like finance are susceptible to multiple changes within such a period in order to increase sales. In such a scenario, at the onset of installation, the data warehousing technique may be relevant, but at the end of the project, it may have become obsolete. It is also very worrying that colleges and other institutions are churning out new experts in data warehousing every other day and the effect that this has on the industry is horrifying because these new brains are eager to apply what they have learnt ins school, yet have not practiced and they apparently lack quality experience. Ultimately, they install data warehouses that are slow or ineffective because of sticking to ideals that may not be practical in real life scenarios. Moreover, another disadvantage is the fact that due to the efficiency of the results of d ata warehousing, organizational users may be tempted to use the data warehouse inappropriately. This scenario occurs when the data warehouse is used to replace the operational systems or reports that are normally churned out by operational systems, or in analyzing the current operational results. It is noteworthy that these two systems are not supposed to be used interchangeably; on the contrary, they should be used complimentarily. OLTP and Data Warehousing Environments Before getting to the contrasts, it is important to create a background that is relevant to this discourse. With that in mind, a data warehouse â€Å"is a relational database, which is designed for queries and analyses rather than for transaction processing† (Imhoff, Galemmo, Geige, 2003, p.111). Consequently, it is comprised of historical data as well as data from other sources or in other word, which in most cases it falls in the category of unstructured data. The surrounding environment features the follo wing components: ETL solution This component comprises the extraction, transportation loading, and transformation stages that are required for unstructured data to be cleaned and transformed into an integrated block of information. Online Analytical Processing Engine (OLAP) This component underscores the reporting and analyzing system that processes business data. It is deliberately de-normalized in order to ensure fast data retrieval. As a result, instead of the update and insert features that are commonplace for OLTP, this system features SELECT operations that are ideal for queries (Jarke, Lenzerini, Vassiliou, Vassiliadis, 2003, p. 54). A good example would be in a department store scenario where at the Point-of-Sale, which is at the cashier’s stand where he or she looks at the price list that he or she has and deducts money from customers’ credit cards; therefore, this aspect amounts to a transaction and so OLAP is not in play (Hackney, 2007, p. 39). However, if the store manager were to require a list of out-of-stock products, he would turn to the OLAP operation to retrieve that data. Client analysis tools Other tools that are used in the management of the gathering of data and the consequent delivery to business users After landscaped the environs of a data warehouse to this end, it is important to look into the founding father’s perspective, as it shall form the basis of the contrast between OLTP and Data Warehousing Environments. As per William Inmon’s definition of warehouses mentioned above, four distinguishing features come to mind: Subject oriented During operation, where operation refers to data analysis, it is possible for the data warehouse to be programmed to act based on a particular subject, for example, sale of Ferraris. In this line of thought, it is thus possible to arrive at the best customer for Ferraris in June 2012. This aspect is known as subject orientation. Integrated This feature is in reference to an organization and so it is safe to say that it is an organizational feature. At this point, it is apparent that in an organizational context, there exist various sources of data. The cumulative effect of this aspect is that the bulk of the data will be disparate and inconsistent and thus the job of ensuring that this data goes through consolidation and alignment into a sensible platform belongs to the data warehouse (Bertman, 2005, p. 41). In the course of executing this task, various challenges are expected to emerge. These challenges should meet resolution and if the data warehouse is capable of getting to such a state where they are resolved, it qualifies as an integrated data warehouse. Time variant The idea behind data warehousing is to carry out an analysis that spans a given period and the width of its scope may be infinite. This aspect explains why data warehouses contain historical data ranging back years or decades. This element is very different from Online Transaction Pro cessing (OLTP) systems, which store historical data in archives to give room for current data. On the contrary, data warehousing analysts need a large data bundles in order to glean change over time, which underscore the concept of time variance. Non volatile This feature is in reference to the stability or performance of data once it has been loaded into the data warehouse. The data warehouse should have the ability to maintain the information in the state that it was entered initially. There should not be any deletions or other alteration or else the whole information would be jumbled and inaccurate to use in the analysis of business intelligence. Contrast between OLTP and Data Warehousing Environments Workload Data warehouses accommodate ad hoc queries, which is to say that the queries they deal with are random and unexpected. The ideal system should have the capacity to perform well in a wide array of possible questions in various categories. On the other hand, OLTP systems rely on the pre definition of key concepts. It follows that applications should be specifically tuned or designed for preset applications. Data modifications Data warehouses feature a regular update of the system through the ETL process (offering extraction, transportation, transformation, and loading solutions). The same is set to run nightly or weekly depending on organizational preferences. In a bid to accomplish this goal, the enterprise employs bulk-data-modification-techniques. However, the end users do not individually update the data warehouse. On the contrary, in OLTP systems, â€Å"the end users are responsible for system updates and they do this by way of routinely issuing individual modification statements to the database warehouse; consequently, the database is always up to date† (Reddy, Rao, Srinivasu, Rikkula, 2010, p.2869). Schema design Data warehouses â€Å"use fully or partially de-normalized schemas such as the star schema for optimal query performance† (Reddy, Rao, Srinivasu, Rikkula, 2010, p.2870). On the other hand, OLTP systems use normalized schemas for optimum updates with insert and delete functionalities and data consistency because they are transactional and the accuracy of current information is very critical. Typical operations For data warehouses, the typical operation is querying. They need the capacity to scan thousands or even millions of rows simultaneously to come up with the required search result load. A good example of such a demanding query is one that is in search: for instance, finding the total sales for all the cashiers for the last month. On the other hand, OLTP systems have a lighter burden to contend with in terms of the requirements of bulk. A transactional operation scans only a handful of records at a go. For instance, retrieve the current price for this customer’s order. Historical data Due to the nature and the intended use of data warehouses, it is relevant for them to store up to decades of information in a region that is easily accessible when queries are executed. Such a structure is ideal for historical analyses. On contrary, OLTP systems are just the opposite. They store up data for at most a few weeks or months and only retain historical data as is relevant for the current transaction. Moreover, this additional historical data is stored up in archives and a special retrieval process is necessary when it becomes relevant or necessary. Hardware and I/O Considerations in Data Warehouses Scalability It is important to ensure that the data warehouse grows as the data storage grows. In a bid to warrant this element, it would be wise to choose the RDBMS and hardware platforms that are adequately structured to handle large volumes of data with the most efficacies (Kimball, Reeves, Ross, Thornthwaite, 1998, p. 90). However, this move may be a difficult task to embark on in advance when it is still not apparent what amount of data shall be stored in the data warehouse in its maturity. This realization explains why it is also advisable to approximate the amount and use it as a basis in setting up the data warehouse. Parallel Processing Support It is necessary to refrain from using one CPU as the main processor and instead use multiple CPUs each performing a related part of the task separately but simultaneously (South, 2012, p. 67). RDBMS – Hardware combination This move becomes relevant because of the physical location of the RDBMs as it is strategically placed on top of the hardware platform and this aspect may bring issues with bugs and bugs fixing (Kimball Ross, 2002, p. 26). Ebay database warehouse (structure) Oliver Ratzesberger and his team in eBay are responsible for two of the world’s larges t data warehouses. The Greenplum data warehouse that is fully equipped with a data mart is comprised of 6.5 petabytes of user data, which translates to more than 17 trillion records, and â€Å"each day, an additional 150 billion new re cords are added and this amounts to 100 days of event data (Dignan, 2010, Para.12). The ultimate goal is to reach 90-180 days of event data. The working speed of these metrics is an impressive 200 MB/node/sec of I/O. This rate further improves due to a minimized number of concurrent end users. The second data warehouse is â€Å"a teradata warehouse with two (2) petabytes of user data, which is fed by tens of thousands of production databases† (Miller, Monash, 2009, Para.6). Its speed is 140 GB/sec of I/O, or 2 GB/node/sec. By aiming at resource partitions, eBay metrics rely on the workload management software to deliver on numerous Service –Level Agreements (SLA) simultaneously. Conclusion This paper has addressed the topic of data warehousing exhaustively. It has touched on the system’s definitions, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, contrasts with OLTP and even hardware considerations. Finally, it has concluded by looking into eBay’s data w arehousing, which is the idyllic system that most organizations throughout the globe envy and would be wise to learn from. References Barwick, H. (2012). Security, Business Iintelligence critical for Australian CIOs in 2013:  Telstyle. Retrieved from http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/security/security-bi-critical-for-australian-cios-in-2013-telsyte Bertman, J. (2005). Dispelling Myths and Creating Legends: Database Intelligence  Ã‚  Groups. Retrieved from scribd.com/doc/35922990/Dispelling-Myths Dignan, L. (2010). eBays Teradata implementation headed to 20 petabytes. Retrieved from zdnet.com/blog/btl/ebays-teradata-implementation-headed-to-20-petabytes/40082 Eliott, T. (2012). Rethinking Business Intelligence: 3 Big New Old Ideas. Retrieved from http://smartdatacollective.com/timoelliott/86496/rethinking-bi-3-big-new-old-ideas Hackney, D. (2007). Picking a Data Mart Tool. Retrieved from egltd.com/dmrarchive/1997-10.pdf Imhoff, C., Galemmo, N., Geiger, J. (2003). Mastering Dat a Warehouse Design :  Relational and Dimensional Technique. Indianapolis, IN: Oxford University Press. Imhoff, C., White, C. (2011). Self-Service Business Intelligence Empowering Users to  Generate Insights. Retrieved from sas.com/resources/asset/TDWI_BestPractices.pdf Inmon, W. (2005). Building the Data Warehouse. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Jarke, M., Lenzerini, M., Vassiliou, Y., Vassiliadis, P. (2003). Fundamentals of Data  Warehousing (2nd edn.). New York, NY: Springer. Kimball, R., Reeves, L., Ross, M., Thornthwaite, W. (1998). Data Warehouse  Lifecycle Toolkit: Expert methods for Designing, Developing, and Deploying Data  Warehouses. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Kimball, R., Ross, M. (2002). The Data Warehouse Toolkit: The Complete Guide to  Dimensional Modeling (2nd edn.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Kimball, R., Ross, M., Thornthwaite, W., Mundy, J., Becker, B. (2008). Data  Warehouse Toolkit: Practical Techniques for Building Data warehouse and Business Intelligen ce Systems (2nd edn.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Miller, R., Monash, C. (2009). eBay’s two enormous data warehouses. Retrieved from dbms2.com/2009/04/30/ebays-two-enormous-data-warehouses/. Prine, G. (1998). Coherent Data Warehouse Initiative. London, UK: Unisys Presentations. Reddy, S., Rao, M., Srinivasu, R., Rikkula, S. (2010). Data Warehousing, Data Mining, OLAP and OLTP Technologies are Essential Elements to Support Decision-Making Process in Industries. International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering, 2(9), 2865-73. South, G. (2012). Small business: Savings lead to a Stellar business. New Zealand  Herald , 67.

Machine Manicure for Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Machine Manicure for Women - Essay Example Before a product is taken on, research and tests should be preformed on it, to see whether it is worth it or not; this tells you exclusively what the customer's wants and desires are. The main areas for testing should be of different offers, prices, and packages. A company shouldn't be marketed to be big, but to focus on the individual aspects or feedback from the customer. Improper focus and positioning can be a threat to the company if viewed in the wrong manner. The USP is the unique selling proposition. This is what differentiates your product from everyone else's. It should be appealing so as to people will wants, because if it's the same as the next boring thing then no one will want to look at it, let alone buy it!!! The USP is 'the philosophical foundation of your business.' A new market product is made up of eighty percent existing customers and the remaining twenty percent from new customers. If you don't target the eighty percent that is already available, then there will be and decrease in your profits. New customers will cost fives times the expense as they are already reluctant to buy something they have never used. "Do you really know what your potential customers need and want If so you are ahead of the ballgame and probably don't need to be reading this article. Truth is very few businesses have a good grasp of what it is that their customer needs from them. The secret to avoiding this common error is to find a need you can fill and then fill that need better than anyone else." (http://marketing.about.com/cs/advertising/tp/marketmistakes.htm) Product The product I have chosen is a machine manicure. For this one would simply have to put their hand in a round shaped machine. There would be at least three to four machines, all ranging in the size of the nail, and then for each of those three or four machines, there would be two options, round nails or square shaped nails. For those with short nails or people who bite their nails, there will be yet another machine that will put on press on nails, again whether it is in round shape or square shaped, it is up to the customer. Since ready made press-on nails are available in the market even now, there will be no fuss about the sizes of the nails. These nails would be fit on to the original nails in a precise manner that a third person would not be able to tell that they are not authentic. Along with precision these nails will also be stuck on the original nails properly, not as to fall of. Then of course the color of the nail polish is up to the customer Environment of product The environment of this machine manicure will of course, first off be, introduced in the United States of America. Apart from that, this machine will be extremely exclusive, starting off at spas. If it is a success at various spas all over the states, then it will be introduced to beauty salon, where the flow of customers is varying. And if it is a success